**How Do You Play Calypso Music on the Guitar?**

Calypso guitar playing involves mastering a unique rhythmic strumming pattern, and at guitarplayers.net, we’ll guide you through the essential techniques to capture this vibrant Caribbean sound. Discover the strumming patterns, chord progressions, and stylistic nuances that define calypso music, and bring a taste of the islands to your guitar playing. You’ll find resources for every skill level, whether you are a beginner guitarist or an advanced six-stringer, so join our guitarist community and learn about song structure, musical arrangements, and common time signatures in calypso.

1. What Is Calypso Music and Its Origins?

Calypso music is a style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago. Rooted in West African Kaiso traditions combined with influences from European and French Caribbean music, Calypso is characterized by its rhythmic complexity, social commentary, and call-and-response vocals.

1.1. History and Cultural Significance of Calypso

Calypso’s story starts way back in the late 18th century in Trinidad, when enslaved Africans, cut off from their usual ways of talking, started using music to share stories and poke fun at their masters. These early songs, full of wit and hidden meanings, were sung in patois and were a way to keep their culture alive and resist oppression. After slavery ended in the 1830s, Calypso became even more popular, showing up at Carnival celebrations as a voice for the people, talking about everything from politics to daily life with sharp humor and clever wordplay.

As Trinidad grew, so did Calypso. The 1900s saw Calypso move from the streets to tents and theaters, with talented singers like Lord Kitchener and Mighty Sparrow becoming big stars. Their songs weren’t just catchy; they also spoke to important issues, helping Calypso become a symbol of Trinidadian identity and pride. Today, Calypso’s impact can be heard everywhere, from its influence on other music styles to its role in keeping Caribbean culture strong.

1.2. Key Elements That Define Calypso Music

Calypso music is defined by several key elements:

Rhythmic Complexity: Calypso features intricate rhythmic patterns, often with a syncopated feel.
Social Commentary: Calypso songs frequently address social, political, and cultural issues.
Call-and-Response Vocals: Traditional calypso often includes call-and-response sections between the lead vocalist and the chorus.
Improvisation: Calypso performances often feature improvisation, both vocally and instrumentally.
Instrumentation: Calypso bands typically include instruments such as steelpans, guitars, bass, percussion, and horns.

1.3. Notable Calypso Artists and Their Contributions

Several artists have played a significant role in shaping Calypso music:

Artist	Contribution
Lord Kitchener	Known as “The Grandmaster of Calypso,” Lord Kitchener was a prolific songwriter and performer who helped popularize calypso internationally. He composed hundreds of songs and was known for his melodic and lyrical innovation.
Mighty Sparrow	Considered the “Calypso King of the World,” Mighty Sparrow is celebrated for his witty lyrics, powerful vocals, and charismatic stage presence. He addressed social and political issues with humor and insight, earning him a devoted following.
The Roaring Lion	One of the pioneers of calypso, The Roaring Lion was known for his elaborate costumes and theatrical performances. He was a master of improvisation and storytelling, and his songs often reflected his deep knowledge of history and culture.
Calypso Rose	A trailblazing female calypso artist, Calypso Rose broke barriers in a male-dominated genre. She is known for her empowering lyrics and energetic performances, and she has been a vocal advocate for women’s rights and social justice. According to research from the University of the West Indies in June 2023, Rose provides a strong female voice within the Calypso genre.
Harry Belafonte	Although not a Trinidadian, Harry Belafonte played a crucial role in popularizing calypso music in the United States and around the world. His 1956 album “Calypso” was a massive commercial success and introduced many people to the genre.

2. What Guitar Techniques Capture the Essence of Calypso?

Capturing the essence of calypso on guitar requires a combination of rhythmic strumming, chord voicings, and a feel for the music’s infectious groove.

2.1. Essential Strumming Patterns for Calypso

The most typical rhythm in Calypso style consists of eight equal eighth-note beats stressed thus: one-two- three, one-two-three, one-two.

The Basic Calypso Strum: This involves a down-down-up, up-down-up pattern, emphasizing the off-beats to create a syncopated rhythm.
Mento Strum: This involves a down, down-up, up, down-up pattern.
Variations: Experiment with variations by adding accents, ghost notes, or incorporating percussive elements.

2.2. Chord Voicings Commonly Used in Calypso Music

Calypso music often features simple, yet effective chord voicings:

Major Chords: Major chords like C, G, and F are foundational.
Minor Chords: Minor chords such as Am and Dm add depth and emotion.
Seventh Chords: Seventh chords like G7 and C7 create a jazzy, Caribbean flavor.

2.3. Incorporating Syncopation and Rhythmic Variations

Syncopation is key to the calypso feel:

Emphasize Off-Beats: Place accents on the off-beats to create a “swung” rhythm.
Use Anticipation: Anticipate beats by playing them slightly ahead of the beat.
Experiment with Rhythmic Fills: Add short, rhythmic fills between chords to keep the groove interesting.

2.4. Percussive Techniques to Enhance Calypso Guitar Playing

Percussive elements can greatly enhance calypso guitar playing:

Muting: Mute the strings with your strumming hand to create a percussive “chunk” sound.
Body Taps: Tap on the body of the guitar to simulate the sound of a drum.
String Slaps: Slap the strings against the fretboard for a sharp, percussive accent.

2.5. How to Practice and Develop Your Calypso Guitar Skills

Developing your calypso guitar skills requires consistent practice and focused attention:

Start Slow: Begin by practicing strumming patterns slowly and gradually increase the tempo.
Use a Metronome: Use a metronome to develop a solid sense of timing and rhythm.
Listen to Calypso Music: Immerse yourself in calypso music to internalize the rhythms and feel.
Transcribe Songs: Transcribe your favorite calypso songs to learn new chord progressions and strumming patterns.
Jam with Others: Play with other musicians to develop your improvisational skills and learn from each other.

Calypso guitar chords

3. What Are Some Popular Calypso Songs to Learn on Guitar?

Learning popular calypso songs is a great way to improve your skills and build your repertoire.

3.1. Easy Calypso Songs for Beginner Guitarists

“Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)” – Harry Belafonte: This classic calypso tune features a simple chord progression and a catchy melody, making it perfect for beginners.
“Jamaica Farewell” – Harry Belafonte: Another Belafonte hit, “Jamaica Farewell” has a straightforward strumming pattern and easy-to-play chords.
“Matilda” – Harry Belafonte: With its repetitive chord structure and singalong chorus, “Matilda” is a fun and accessible calypso song for beginners.

3.2. Intermediate Calypso Songs to Expand Your Skills

“Jean and Dinah” – Mighty Sparrow: This calypso classic features more complex chord changes and rhythmic variations, providing a challenge for intermediate players.
” মিষ্টি মেয়ে “- Lord Kitchener: Kitchener’s ” মিষ্টি মেয়ে ” incorporates syncopated rhythms and jazzy chord voicings, requiring a more advanced level of technique.
” ইন্ডিয়ান “- Lord Kitchener: This song features intricate guitar work and a fast tempo, making it suitable for intermediate guitarists looking to push their skills.

3.3. Advanced Calypso Songs for Experienced Players

“London is the Place for Me” – Lord Kitchener: This sophisticated calypso tune features complex chord progressions, intricate melodies, and advanced improvisation.
“Mr. Walker” – Mighty Sparrow: Sparrow’s “Mr. Walker” showcases his lyrical wit and musical prowess, requiring a high level of skill to play accurately.
“Obeah Wedding” – Lord Invader: This song features advanced chord voicings and fast tempo.

3.4. Breaking Down the Structure and Chord Progressions of Calypso Songs

Calypso songs typically follow a verse-chorus structure, with chord progressions that often incorporate major and minor chords, as well as seventh chords. Common chord progressions include:

I-IV-V (e.g., C-F-G)
ii-V-I (e.g., Dm-G-C)
I-vi-IV-V (e.g., C-Am-F-G)

3.5. Tips for Learning and Memorizing Calypso Songs

Start with the Basics: Begin by learning the basic chord progression and strumming pattern of the song.
Break It Down: Divide the song into smaller sections and practice each section separately.
Use Tabs and Sheet Music: Use guitar tabs and sheet music to learn the correct fingerings and rhythms.
Listen and Sing Along: Listen to the song repeatedly and sing along to internalize the melody and lyrics.
Practice Regularly: Practice consistently to improve your muscle memory and coordination.
Record Yourself: Record yourself playing the song and listen back to identify areas for improvement.

4. How Does Calypso Differ From Other Caribbean Music Genres?

While calypso shares similarities with other Caribbean music genres, it has its own unique characteristics.

4.1. Calypso vs. Soca: Understanding the Key Differences

Calypso and soca are both popular music genres from Trinidad and Tobago, but they have distinct characteristics:

Feature	Calypso	Soca
Tempo	Generally slower, with a moderate tempo	Faster, with a high-energy tempo
Rhythms	Complex, with intricate syncopation and rhythmic variations	Simpler, with a more straightforward, dance-oriented rhythm
Lyrical Content	Often focuses on social commentary, political satire, and storytelling	More focused on partying, dancing, and romance
Instrumentation	Traditional instruments such as steelpans, guitars, and horns	Synthesizers, drum machines, and electronic instruments are common
Overall Feel	More laid-back, with a focus on lyrical content and musical complexity	High-energy, with a focus on creating a party atmosphere

4.2. Calypso vs. Reggae: Exploring the Contrasts

Calypso and reggae are two distinct genres with different origins and characteristics:

Feature	Calypso	Reggae
Origin	Trinidad and Tobago	Jamaica
Tempo	Moderate, with a focus on rhythmic complexity	Slower, with a emphasis on the “one drop” beat
Rhythms	Syncopated, with intricate rhythmic patterns	“One drop” beat, where the emphasis is on the second and fourth beats of the bar
Lyrical Content	Social commentary, political satire, storytelling	Social justice, spirituality, and Rastafarianism
Instrumentation	Steelpans, guitars, horns, percussion	Guitars, bass, drums, keyboards
Overall Feel	Upbeat, with a focus on lyrical content and musical innovation	Relaxed, with a focus on the groove and message

4.3. Calypso vs. Mento: Distinguishing the Rhythms

Mento is an older style of Jamaican folk music that predates ska and reggae. While it shares some similarities with calypso, there are key differences:

Feature	Calypso	Mento
Origin	Trinidad and Tobago	Jamaica
Tempo	Moderate, with a focus on syncopation	Generally faster, with a more upbeat feel
Rhythms	Complex, with intricate rhythmic patterns	Simpler, with a more straightforward, danceable rhythm
Instrumentation	Steelpans, guitars, horns, percussion	Acoustic guitars, banjos, hand drums, maracas, and other acoustic instruments
Lyrical Content	Social commentary, political satire, storytelling	Often humorous, with lyrics about daily life, love, and social issues

4.4. Identifying the Unique Characteristics of Each Genre

Each of these Caribbean music genres has its own unique characteristics that set it apart:

Calypso: Known for its social commentary, witty lyrics, and complex rhythms.
Soca: High-energy, dance-oriented music with a focus on partying and celebration.
Reggae: Relaxed, groove-oriented music with a focus on social justice and spirituality.
Mento: Upbeat, acoustic folk music with humorous lyrics and a focus on daily life.

4.5. How These Genres Have Influenced Each Other Over Time

These Caribbean music genres have influenced each other over time, with calypso paving the way for soca and reggae drawing inspiration from calypso and mento.

Calypso’s focus on social commentary and lyrical wit has influenced reggae and soca artists.
Soca’s high-energy rhythms have been incorporated into some calypso songs.
Reggae’s “one drop” beat has been used in some calypso and soca songs.
Mento’s acoustic instrumentation and folk melodies have influenced calypso and reggae.

5. What Gear and Equipment Are Best Suited for Playing Calypso Guitar?

Choosing the right gear and equipment can enhance your calypso guitar playing experience.

5.1. Selecting the Right Guitar for Calypso Music

Acoustic Guitars: Acoustic guitars with a bright, balanced tone are well-suited for calypso music.
Nylon-String Guitars: Nylon-string guitars can provide a warmer, more mellow tone that works well for certain calypso styles.
Electric Guitars: Electric guitars with clean tones and a touch of reverb can be used to create a more modern calypso sound.

5.2. Essential Accessories for Calypso Guitarists

Picks: Medium-gauge picks are a good choice for calypso strumming.
Strings: Light-gauge strings can make it easier to play fast, rhythmic strumming patterns.
Capo: A capo can be used to change the key of a song and make it easier to play in different positions on the neck.
Guitar Strap: A comfortable guitar strap is essential for playing standing up.
Tuner: A reliable tuner is necessary to keep your guitar in tune.

5.3. Amplifiers and Effects Pedals for Electric Calypso Guitar

Clean Amplifiers: Clean amplifiers with a warm, balanced tone are ideal for electric calypso guitar.
Reverb Pedals: Reverb pedals can add depth and space to your sound.
Chorus Pedals: Chorus pedals can create a lush, shimmering effect.
Delay Pedals: Delay pedals can be used to create rhythmic echoes and textures.

5.4. Microphones and Recording Equipment for Calypso Guitar

Condenser Microphones: Condenser microphones are a good choice for recording acoustic guitar.
Dynamic Microphones: Dynamic microphones can be used to record electric guitar amplifiers.
Audio Interface: An audio interface is necessary to connect your microphone to your computer.
Recording Software: Recording software (DAW) is used to record, edit, and mix your guitar tracks.

5.5. How to Choose the Right Gear Based on Your Budget and Playing Style

Set a Budget: Determine how much you are willing to spend on gear.
Research: Research different brands and models of guitars, amplifiers, and accessories.
Read Reviews: Read reviews from other guitarists to get an idea of the pros and cons of different products.
Try Before You Buy: If possible, try out different guitars and amplifiers before you buy them.
Consider Used Gear: Consider buying used gear to save money.
Prioritize: Prioritize the most essential items, such as a good-quality guitar and tuner.

6. Where Can You Find Calypso Guitar Lessons and Resources Online?

Fortunately, a lot of resources exist online to learn more about playing Calypso guitar.

6.1. Online Guitar Lesson Platforms

guitarplayers.net: Offers a wide range of guitar lessons, including calypso-specific tutorials, for all skill levels.
YouTube: Many guitar teachers offer free calypso guitar lessons on YouTube.
Skillshare: Skillshare offers a variety of online guitar courses, including some that focus on Caribbean music styles.

6.2. Websites and Blogs Dedicated to Calypso Music

Calypso Tent Online: This website features news, articles, and resources related to calypso music.
Caribbean Music Hub: This website offers information about various Caribbean music genres, including calypso.
Island Music Insider: This blog features articles and interviews with calypso artists and musicians.

6.3. Books and Instructional Materials for Learning Calypso Guitar

“Playing the Guitar” by Fred Noad: This book includes a section on calypso rhythm and strumming patterns.
“Ukulele Method” by John Pearse: This book describes the ‘Calypso Slap’ and the Calypso strum.
“Complete Calypso Guitar” by Mervyn Conn: A comprehensive guide to playing calypso guitar, covering everything from basic strumming patterns to advanced improvisation techniques.

6.4. Online Communities and Forums for Calypso Guitarists

guitarplayers.net: Connect with other calypso guitarists, ask questions, and share your playing experiences.
Reddit: The r/guitar and r/ukulele subreddits have communities of guitarists and ukulele players interested in calypso music.
Facebook Groups: There are several Facebook groups dedicated to calypso music and guitar playing.

6.5. How to Effectively Use Online Resources to Improve Your Calypso Guitar Skills

Set Goals: Set specific goals for what you want to achieve with your calypso guitar playing.
Create a Practice Schedule: Create a practice schedule and stick to it.
Be Patient: Learning to play calypso guitar takes time and effort, so be patient with yourself.
Seek Feedback: Ask other guitarists for feedback on your playing.
Stay Inspired: Listen to calypso music, attend concerts, and connect with other musicians to stay inspired.

7. How to Improvise and Create Your Own Calypso Guitar Solos?

Improvising and creating your own calypso guitar solos is a great way to express your creativity and develop your musical voice.

7.1. Understanding Calypso Scales and Modes

Major Scale: The major scale is a foundational scale for calypso music.
Minor Scale: The minor scale can be used to add a touch of melancholy or drama to your solos.
Pentatonic Scales: Pentatonic scales are simple, five-note scales that can be used to create melodic solos.
Mixolydian Mode: The Mixolydian mode (a major scale with a flattened 7th) is commonly used in calypso music.

7.2. Learning Common Calypso Licks and Phrases

Pentatonic Licks: Practice common pentatonic licks in different keys and positions on the neck.
Major Scale Licks: Learn licks based on the major scale, incorporating techniques such as slides, bends, and hammer-ons.
Mixolydian Licks: Explore licks based on the Mixolydian mode, emphasizing the characteristic flattened 7th.

7.3. How to Develop Your Own Unique Calypso Soloing Style

Listen to Calypso Solos: Listen to solos by your favorite calypso guitarists and analyze their techniques and phrasing.
Transcribe Solos: Transcribe solos that you like and learn to play them.
Experiment: Experiment with different scales, modes, and licks to find your own unique voice.
Record Yourself: Record yourself soloing and listen back to identify areas for improvement.
Practice Regularly: Practice improvising regularly to develop your skills and confidence.

7.4. Tips for Improvising Over Calypso Chord Progressions

Know the Chords: Know the chord progression that you are soloing over.
Target Chord Tones: Target the chord tones (root, 3rd, 5th, and 7th) in your solos.
Use Passing Tones: Use passing tones to connect chord tones and create melodic interest.
Incorporate Rhythmic Variations: Incorporate rhythmic variations into your solos to keep them interesting.
Listen to the Rhythm Section: Listen to the rhythm section and interact with them in your solos.

7.5. Practicing Improvisation Techniques with Backing Tracks

Find Backing Tracks: Find calypso backing tracks online or create your own.
Start Simple: Start by improvising simple melodies over the backing track.
Gradually Increase Complexity: Gradually increase the complexity of your solos as you become more comfortable.
Experiment: Experiment with different scales, modes, and licks.
Record Yourself: Record yourself improvising and listen back to identify areas for improvement.

8. How Can You Perform Calypso Guitar Live?

Performing calypso guitar live can be a rewarding experience.

8.1. Setting Up Your Guitar and Gear for Live Performance

Choose the Right Guitar: Choose a guitar that is well-suited for live performance.
Use a Reliable Amplifier: Use a reliable amplifier that can project your sound.
Set Up Your Effects: Set up your effects pedals in a way that is easy to use.
Tune Your Guitar: Tune your guitar before you go on stage.
Test Your Sound: Test your sound before the performance to make sure everything is working properly.

8.2. Stage Presence and Engaging with the Audience

Make Eye Contact: Make eye contact with the audience to connect with them.
Smile: Smile and show that you are enjoying yourself.
Move Around: Move around on stage to keep the audience engaged.
Talk to the Audience: Talk to the audience between songs to tell stories and share information about the music.
Encourage Participation: Encourage the audience to sing along or clap their hands.

8.3. Arranging Calypso Songs for Live Guitar Performance

Choose Songs That Suit Your Style: Choose songs that suit your style and abilities.
Simplify Arrangements: Simplify arrangements to make them easier to play live.
Add Your Own Touches: Add your own touches to the arrangements to make them unique.
Create Transitions: Create smooth transitions between songs.
Practice the Setlist: Practice the setlist before the performance to make sure you are comfortable with it.

8.4. Working with Other Musicians in a Calypso Band

Communicate: Communicate effectively with the other musicians in the band.
Listen: Listen to the other musicians and respond to their playing.
Be Flexible: Be flexible and willing to adapt to changes.
Support Each Other: Support each other and work together to create a great performance.
Have Fun: Have fun and enjoy the experience.

8.5. Tips for Handling Technical Difficulties During a Live Performance

Stay Calm: Stay calm and don’t panic.
Troubleshoot: Troubleshoot the problem quickly and efficiently.
Have a Backup Plan: Have a backup plan in case something goes wrong.
Communicate with the Sound Engineer: Communicate with the sound engineer to resolve the issue.
Keep Playing: Keep playing even if there are technical difficulties.

9. What Are Some Advanced Techniques for Calypso Guitar?

Once you have mastered the basics of calypso guitar playing, you can explore some advanced techniques to further enhance your skills.

9.1. Advanced Strumming Patterns and Rhythmic Variations

Complex Syncopation: Explore more complex syncopated rhythms and rhythmic variations.
Polyrhythms: Experiment with polyrhythms, where two or more different rhythms are played simultaneously.
Odd Time Signatures: Explore calypso songs in odd time signatures, such as 7/8 or 5/4.
Hybrid Picking: Use hybrid picking (combining pick and fingers) to create more intricate strumming patterns.

9.2. Advanced Chord Voicings and Harmonic Concepts

Jazz Chords: Incorporate jazz chords into your calypso playing to add harmonic complexity.
Chord Substitutions: Experiment with chord substitutions to create unexpected harmonic twists.
Upper Structure Triads: Use upper structure triads (triads built on the upper extensions of chords) to create sophisticated harmonies.
Non-Diatonic Chords: Explore non-diatonic chords (chords that are not in the key) to add color and interest to your playing.

9.3. Advanced Improvisation Techniques and Soloing Strategies

Outside Playing: Experiment with “outside” playing, where you play notes that are not in the key or scale.
Chromaticism: Use chromaticism (playing notes that are a half-step away from the scale) to create tension and release.
Motifs: Develop and use motifs (short musical ideas) to create a cohesive solo.
Call and Response: Incorporate call and response phrases into your solos, where you play a phrase and then respond to it with another phrase.

9.4. Exploring Different Calypso Styles and Subgenres

Traditional Calypso: Study the traditional calypso styles of artists such as Lord Kitchener and Mighty Sparrow.
Soca: Explore the high-energy rhythms and melodies of soca music.
Chutney Music: Investigate the Indo-Caribbean music style of chutney, which blends calypso with Indian music.
Parang: Discover the Venezuelan-influenced Christmas music style of parang, which incorporates calypso rhythms and melodies.

9.5. How to Continue Growing and Evolving as a Calypso Guitarist

Stay Curious: Stay curious and continue to explore new musical ideas and techniques.
Listen to Music: Listen to a wide variety of music to broaden your musical horizons.
Practice Regularly: Practice regularly to maintain and improve your skills.
Seek Feedback: Seek feedback from other musicians to identify areas for improvement.
Collaborate: Collaborate with other musicians to learn from each other and create new music.

10. FAQ: Mastering Calypso Guitar

10.1. What is the best guitar for playing calypso music?

The best guitar for playing calypso music often depends on personal preference, but generally, acoustic guitars with a bright and balanced tone are well-suited. Nylon-string guitars can also provide a warmer, more mellow tone.

10.2. What are the essential strumming patterns for calypso?

Essential strumming patterns for calypso include the basic calypso strum (down-down-up, up-down-up) with emphasis on the off-beats, and variations that incorporate accents and percussive elements.

10.3. How can I incorporate syncopation into my calypso guitar playing?

To incorporate syncopation, emphasize off-beats, use anticipation by playing notes slightly ahead of the beat, and experiment with rhythmic fills between chords.

10.4. What are some popular calypso songs for beginner guitarists?

Popular calypso songs for beginner guitarists include “Day-O (The Banana Boat Song),” “Jamaica Farewell,” and “Matilda,” all by Harry Belafonte, due to their simple chord progressions.

10.5. What are the key differences between calypso and soca?

The key differences between calypso and soca lie in tempo (slower for calypso, faster for soca), rhythms (complex syncopation in calypso, simpler in soca), and lyrical content (social commentary in calypso, partying in soca).

10.6. How does calypso differ from reggae?

Calypso differs from reggae in origin (Trinidad and Tobago vs. Jamaica), tempo (moderate vs. slower), rhythms (syncopated vs. “one drop” beat), and lyrical content (social commentary vs. social justice and spirituality).

10.7. What accessories are essential for calypso guitarists?

Essential accessories include medium-gauge picks, light-gauge strings, a capo, a comfortable guitar strap, and a reliable tuner.

10.8. Where can I find calypso guitar lessons online?

You can find calypso guitar lessons on platforms like guitarplayers.net and YouTube, as well as websites dedicated to Caribbean music.

10.9. How can I improvise over calypso chord progressions?

To improvise, understand calypso scales and modes, learn common licks, target chord tones in your solos, and practice with backing tracks to develop your skills.

10.10. What advanced techniques can enhance my calypso guitar playing?

Advanced techniques include complex strumming patterns, jazz chords, chord substitutions, outside playing, chromaticism, and exploring different calypso styles and subgenres.

Ready to take your calypso guitar playing to the next level? Visit guitarplayers.net today for lessons, reviews, sheet music, and to join our community of guitar enthusiasts in the USA. Let’s bring the vibrant sounds of the Caribbean to your fingertips! You can also call us at +1 (617) 747-2261 or visit our location at 1140 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States.